Reduced crosstalk class d audio amplifier matching output power based on channel gain

ABSTRACT

A multi-channel Class D audio amplifier is provided to substantially reduce channel-to-channel crosstalk by employing in each channel a local triangle ramp generator controlled by a single global digital timing signal. The noise critical timing/integrating capacitor for the triangle ramp generator resides locally in each channel and adjacent to the PWM comparator of that channel and referenced to the local ground of that channel. The amplifier can also include a duty cycle limitation circuit to limit output power availability depending on the impedance of any attached loads (speakers).

PRIORITY INFORMATION

The present application claims priority as a divisional patentapplication under 35 U.S.C. §121 to U.S. Non-Provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 14/328,451, filed 10 Jul. 2014, the entire contentsof which are expressly incorporated herein by reference, and to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/910,801, filed 2 Dec. 2013,the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein byreference.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Related subject matter is disclosed in co-pending U.S. Non-Provisionalpatent application Ser. Nos. ______ (Attorney Docket No. CP00282-02),______ (Attorney Docket No. CP00282-03), and ______ (Attorney Docket No.CP00282-05), each of which have been co-filed on XX November, 2016, theentire contents of each of which are expressly incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to audio amplification. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to devices, systems and methods formulti-channel amplification in class D amplifiers.

Background Art

Typically one of the last components in an audio distribution chain,audio amplifiers amplify a low power audio signal to a level suitablefor driving one or more loudspeakers. Multi-channel audio amplifiers areemployed throughout structures to amplify more than one channel ofaudio.

As known to those of skill in the art, typical Class D amplifiers are aclass of amplifier in which the audio signal modulates a pulse widthmodulated carrier signal to drive the output. Referring now to FIG. 1, ablock diagram of class-D amplifier 100 is illustrated showing thedifferent stages of operation of the amplifier. Input audio signal(input signal) 102 is input to pulse width modulator (PWM) comparator104, which is part of modulator block 109, along with triangle wave 105that has been generated by triangle wave generator 103. In PWMcomparator 104, input signal 102 is compared to triangle wave 105.Triangle wave (or sawtooth wave) 105 is typically a much higherfrequency signal than input signal 102—usually ten or more times thehighest expected frequency of input signal 102. Thus, if an audio signalof about 20 Hz to about 20 kHz is expected as input signal 102, thentriangle wave 102 should be at least about 200 kHz. As its name implies,PWM comparator 104 typically includes a comparator, and compares theamplitudes of input signal 102 to that of triangle wave 105 to form apulse width modulated output. That is, the width of each pulse will bedependent upon the amplitude of both input signal 102 and the amplitudeof triangle wave 105, but at a frequency equal to that of triangle wave105. The duty cycle is proportional to the amplitude of input signal102. If both input signal 102 and triangle wave 105 are centered about 0volts, then for a 0 volt input signal 102, the output duty cycle isabout 50%, and if input signal 102 is about V_(tmax), the maximum oftriangle waveform 105, the duty cycle is about 100%. If input signal 102is about V_(tmin), the lowest voltage value of triangle waveform 105,then the duty cycle is about 0%. FIG. 2 illustrates an example of atypical pulse width waveform generated in the above-described manner.

Referring now to FIG. 2, input signal 102 is shown as a roughlysinusoidal shaped signal with a frequency of about 1/20^(th) of that oftriangle waveform 105. Comparator stage output 106 is shown below inputsignal 102 that is super-imposed over triangle waveform 105; the logiclevel “high” represents the times in which input signal 102 exceeds thatof triangle waveform 105. It can be seen that at points A and B, theduty cycle of comparator stage output 106 (the pulse width modulatedsignal) about 50%, and as input signal 102 swings closer to V_(tmax) (atpoint C) and V_(tmin) (at point D), the duty cycle of comparator stageoutput 106 changes from about 100% to about 0%, respectively.

As known by those of skill in the art, typical class D amplifiers withmultiple channels typically comprise a global triangle ramp generatorfor use in all of the channels. A global analog buffer and a localanalog buffer can be inserted between each channel and the triangle rampgenerator.

Following PWM comparator 104, comparator stage output 106 is input toswitching output stage (or power stage) 108, which is also part ofmodulation block 109. This device is typically comprised of anarrangement of switching transistors configured as a “half-bridge” or“full-bridge” and it amplifies the signal input to it, to createswitching output signal 110. As can be seen in FIG. 1, switching outputsignal 110 is an amplified version of comparator stage output 106, andswitches between only two states, the positive and negative power supplyrail voltages (in the case of the “half-bridge” implementation), and thepositive power supply rail voltage and ground (in the case of the“full-bridge” implementation). As known to those of skill in the art,the gain of the typical Class D amplifier modulator stage is set by theratio of the power supply voltage, (or at least the power supply voltagethat is available at switching output stage 108) and the peak-to-peaktriangular wave voltage (triangle waveform 105). For example, the gainof the modulator stage, of a half-bridge implementation with +/−50 VDCpower supply rails, and a triangular wave voltage of 10 Vpp is100V/10V=10.

Following switching output stage 108 is filter stage 112. In filteringstage 112, the amplified PWM signal is passed through an (ideally)lossless low pass filter prior to the output device, speaker 116. Thelow pass filter removes the high frequency components of the PWM signal(switching output signal 110) and recovers the original audio signal,but in an amplified form, now referred to as amplified output signal114.

Having briefly reviewed operation of a Class D amplifier in a fairlygeneral sense, attention can now be directed to specific design issueswith regard to Class D amplifiers. As those of skill in the art canappreciate, there are a multitude of design issues that need to becarefully considered with each new design of a Class D amplifier. Twosuch design considerations shall be considered herein. The first isisolation between channels, and the second is the safe operation overdifferent load impedances.

Isolation between channels is a critical design consideration formulti-channel audio amplifiers. This isolation is typically expressed indecibels (dB) at a specific frequency, and further is typically a fairlysmall signal, thus a negative dB rating is typical, as the crosstalksignal is almost always much less than the original signal. Poorchannel-to-channel isolation results in the audio signals from onechannel being heard in another channel, which can result in poor channelseparation. In a typical audio system, crosstalk can be audibly heardwhen volume levels are low (if there is a cross talk problem, which isnot always the case). Notwithstanding its noticeability only when at lowaudio volumes, crosstalk, as mentioned above, can negatively affectchannel separation, which could become more noticeable even at normalvolume levels. Accordingly, high isolation (i.e. higher −dB crosstalkratings) is desirable in multi-channel amplifiers.

One conventional solution to reduce channel-to-channel crosstalkincludes the careful design of the printed circuit board (PCB) layout.Grounding may be used to eliminate common-impedance traces and mixing ofsignal and/or ground currents from more than one channel. Another schemeemployed in conventional Class D amplifiers is differential signalrouting instead of routing single-ended signals with a ground potentialthat is common to all channels. However, whenever a power, ground, orsignal is common to more than one channel, it becomes a potentialconveyer of crosstalk.

There are certain problems, however, with many of the conventionalsolutions to reduce crosstalk described above. Accordingly, it would bedesirable to provide methods, modes and systems for reducing crosstalkand its effects in multi-channel Class D audio amplifiers.

The second design consideration to be considered herein is safeoperation of a Class D amplifier over different load impedances. InClass D amplifiers, as known to those of skill in the art, the powerconversion efficiency of the amplifier is only slightly degraded as DCrail voltages are increased. This decrease in efficiency is attributableto increased switching losses. In contrast, however, on-state lossesactually decrease as the DC rail voltages rise (due to reduction inMOSFET ON-TIME (duty-cycle). Thus, the Class-D topology already providesmore freedom in the selection of DC rail voltages to power thehalf-bridge or full-bridge stage (i.e., switching output stage 108). Anadditional important effect in selecting DC rail voltages is that theaudio output signal will be able to span the entire peak-to-peak rangedefined by the DC rail voltage presuming a full duty cycle range from 0%to 100%. Therefore, as those of skill in the art can appreciate,increasing the DC rails will allow greater output voltage, current, andpower (for a given load impedance).

There are applications where it would be advantageous to set or adjustthe DC rail voltages to different voltages in order to tailor theavailable output voltage, current, or power, to a particular loadimpedance. Further, it has been alleged to be advantageous to be able tochange these DC rail voltages substantially continuously orinstantaneously. The dynamic ability to modulate the DC rail voltages,at either audio frequency rates, or static levels set by manualswitches, has been attempted by other, conventional systems. At leastone disadvantage of this prior art method is increased complexity inpower supply design, and the additional complexity in the means tomodulate the power supply output voltage(s). Another disadvantage tothis approach, is that the modulator gain of the Class-D amplifier isdirectly affected by the magnitude of the DC rails, as previouslydiscussed, and therefore the open-loop gain of the Class-D amplifierchannel is directly affected by the magnitude of the DC rails. This cancause instability in the negative feedback loop compensation of theamplifier, as will be discussed further below.

Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide methods, modes and systemsfor enabling a Class D amplifier to be connected to different loadimpedances without having to change or vary the power supply voltage toprovide safer operation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is to be understood that both the general and detailed descriptionsthat follow are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictiveof the different aspects of the embodiments.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

An object of the embodiments is to substantially solve at least theproblems and/or disadvantages discussed above, and to provide at leastone or more of the advantages described below.

It is therefore a general aspect of the embodiments to provide a Class Damplifier that will obviate or minimize problems of the type previouslydescribed.

According to a first aspect of the embodiments, a method for reducingcrosstalk between channels in a fixed frequency class d amplifier isprovided, the method comprising (a) receiving at least two channels ofaudio at the fixed frequency class d amplifier, (b) receiving a digitaltiming signal at at least two local ramp generators, (c) generating atleast two local triangle waves based on the received digital timingsignal, wherein, each of said two local triangle waves are generatedsuch that noise that can exist on the digital timing signal thatgenerated the respective local triangle wave is isolated from therespective local triangle wave by at least one of two diodes configuredto provide such isolation for at least one of a positive voltage portionof the digital timing signal and a negative voltage portion of thedigital timing signal, and (d) generating a pulse width modulated signalby comparing each of the at least two channels of audio to a localtriangle wave.

According to a second aspect of the embodiments, a method for reducingcrosstalk between channels in a fixed frequency class d amplifier isprovided, the method comprising (a) receiving at least two channels ofaudio at the fixed frequency class d amplifier, (b) receiving a digitaltiming signal at at least two local ramp generators, (c) generating atleast two local triangle waves based on the received digital timingsignal, wherein, each of said two local triangle waves are generatedsuch that a positive going portion of the triangle wave and a negativegoing portion of the triangle wave are kept substantially equal induration, amplitude, and slope, by a DC servo circuit configured tomonitor a first DC voltage on said triangle wave, and provide a second,oppositely polarized DC voltage to counteract the first DC voltage onsaid triangle wave, and (d) generating a pulse width modulated signal bycomparing each of the at least two channels of audio to a local trianglewave.

According to a third aspect of the embodiments, a method for deliveringa duty cycle limited signal to a speaker load in a Class D amplifierusing a half-bridge switching output stage is provided, the methodcomprising (a) receiving an analog audio signal, (b) generating atriangle waveform, (c) comparing the triangle waveform to the receivedanalog signal to generate a pulse width modulated signal, (d) measuringa load impedance (LI) of the speaker load, and (e) determining whether apower output (PO) rating of the Class D amplifier matches that of theload impedance, and if the PO rating matches the load impedance,amplifying the pulse width modulated signal, filtering the amplifiedpulse width modulated signal, and outputting the filtered, amplifiedpulse width modulated signal to the speaker load, and if the poweroutput rating does not match the load impedance, calculating a dutycycle limitation t that limits the peak output voltage to the loadimpedance such that a new power output rating of the output signalmatches the load impedance, and limiting the duty cycle of the PWMsignal according to the calculated duty cycle limitation t.

According to the third aspect of the embodiments, the step of measuringa load impedance of the speaker load comprises using an impedancesensing device to measure the load impedance by measuring an outputcurrent to the speaker load, and measuring the output voltage to thespeaker load, and calculating the load impedance based on the ratio ofmeasured voltage to measured current. According to the third aspect ofthe embodiments, the step of calculating a duty cycle limitation tcomprises calculating an appropriate output root mean square (RMS)voltage to be output to the load impedance according to the equationVRMS=SQRT(PO×LI), calculating a peak output voltage according to theequation VOUT−Peak=VRMS×1.414, and calculating the duty cycle t to limitthe peak output voltage output to the load impedance according to theequation V_(Peak)=(t×V_(cc))+(t×V_(ee)), wherein V_(cc) equals apositive rail voltage on a half-bridge switching stage that is part ofthe Class D amplifier, and V_(ee) equals a negative rail voltage on thehalf-bridge switching stage.

According to the third aspect of the embodiments, the method furthercomprises filtering the duty cycle limited PWM signal, and outputtingthe filtered, duty cycle limited PWM signal to the speaker load.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying figures further illustrate the aspects of theembodiments.

The components in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale,emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principlesof the present invention. In the drawings, like reference numeralsdesignate corresponding parts throughout the several views.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a Class D amplifier.

FIG. 2 illustrates a timing diagram of a triangle wave with an audiowave superimposed over it as inputs to a Class D amplifier modulator,and a resultant output therefrom.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a portion of a multi-channel audioamplifier according to aspects of the embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an advanced Class D amplifier according toaspects of the embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of switching output stage and outputfilter using a half-bridge transistor switching apparatus according toan embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a chart of output current versus output voltage for a 200 WClass D amplifier according to an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating steps to perform a method foroperating a multi-channel Class D audio amplifier according to aspectsof the embodiments, wherein crosstalk noise is substantially reduced oreliminated, and mismatching speaker loads with respect to output poweris substantially prevented.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate a flow chart of a method for delivering aduty cycle limited signal to a speaker load in an advanced Class Damplifier using a half-bridge switching output stage according to anembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

List of Reference Numbers for the Major Elements in the Drawing

The following is a list of the major elements in the drawings innumerical order.

-   -   100 Typical Class D amplifier    -   102 Input Signal    -   103 Triangle Wave Generator    -   104 Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) Comparator    -   105 Triangle Wave Generator Output    -   106 Comparator Stage Output    -   108 Switching Output Stage    -   108′ Half-bridge Transistor Switching Output Stage    -   109 Modulation Block    -   110 Switching Output Signal    -   112 Filter Stage    -   114 Amplified Output Signal    -   116 Speaker    -   300 Substantially Noise-free Triangle Waveform Generation        Circuit    -   302 Digital Switching Frequency Control Circuit (Digital Clock)    -   303 Digital Clock Signal    -   304 DC Servo Circuit    -   306 Servo Circuit Capacitor    -   308 Servo Circuit Resistor    -   310 Servo Circuit Amplifier (Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp))    -   312 Triangle Waveform Generator Capacitor (Triangle Capacitor)    -   314 First Current Source    -   316 First Diode    -   318 Second Diode    -   320 First Current Sink    -   322 Low Noise Triangle Waveform Generator Output (Low Noise        Triangle Waveform) Signal    -   350 Triangle Waveform Generator with Noise Immunity Circuit    -   400 Advanced Class D Amplifier (Advanced Amplifier)    -   404 Duty Cycle Limiting Signal Generator Circuit    -   406 Speaker Impedance Sensing Circuit    -   407 Low Noise Comparator Stage Output    -   407′ Duty Cycle Limited Low Noise Comparator Stage Output    -   408 Manual Speaker Impedance Selection Switch    -   409 Low Noise Switching Output Signal    -   410 Duty Cycle Limiting Signal    -   412 Duty Cycle Limiting Modulation Block    -   413 Low Noise Amplified Output Signal    -   414 Current Sense/Measurement    -   416 Voltage Sense/Measurement    -   418 Duty Cycle Limiting Circuit    -   502 Receiver Inverter    -   504 Receiver Non-inverter    -   506 Transistor Switch (First and Second)

LIST OF ACRONYMS USED IN THE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following is a list of the acronyms used in the specification inalphabetical order.

-   -   A_(CL) Gain, Closed Loop    -   A_(OL) Gain, Open Loop    -   dB Decibel    -   D Duty Cycle    -   DCL Duty Cycle Limiting    -   DC Direct Current    -   FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array    -   I_(P) Current Peak    -   kHz Kilohertz    -   MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor    -   PCB Printed Circuit Board    -   PWM Pulse Width Modulation    -   RMS Root Mean Square    -   V_(I) Input Voltage    -   V_(O) Output Voltage    -   V_(P) Voltage Peak    -   V_(PP) Voltage Peak-to-Peak    -   V_(tmax) Maximum Voltage of Low Noise Triangle Waveform 322    -   V_(tmin) Minimum Voltage of Low Noise Triangle Waveform 322

The aspect of the embodiments disclose systems, devices and methods forreducing channel to channel crosstalk in a multi-channel Class D audioamplifier, and systems, devices and methods for duty cycle limiting toenabling safe operation regardless of load impedances connected to themulti-channel Class D audio amplifier. Individual triangle rampgenerators in each audio channel with a single, fixed frequency digitalclock for synchronization are employed. Additionally, the criticaltiming capacitor for each channel is connected directly to the groundreference of that channel. Accordingly, the isolation between channelgrounds can be much higher relative to prior art audio amplifiers. Theduty cycle can be limited by firmware and/or other means, and loadsensing can be implemented to ensure safe operation.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a portion of a multi-channel Class Daudio amplifier according to aspects of the embodiments. Shown in FIG. 3is a portion of a Class D amplifier that can be used in place oftriangle waveform generator 103 of FIG. 1. In FIG. 3 there is a singledigital switching frequency control circuit (digital clock) 302 thatprovides a common digital clock signal to each of a plurality oftriangle waveform generators 350 according to an embodiment. Though onlyone digital clock 302 is shown in FIG. 3, those of skill in the art canappreciate that two or more such digital clocks 302 can be used, andthey can be “slaved” to each to ensure that each digital clock signal islined up with the others. However, for purposes of this discussion, onlyone such digital clock 302 shall be referenced and referred to herein.

The timing/integrating (triangle) capacitors 312 for triangle rampgenerator circuits 350 reside locally in each channel, and arereferenced to the local ground for that channel. Accordingly, sincetriangle capacitors 312 are independent and referenced to eachindividual ground, they are not susceptible to crosstalk. It is known tothose of skill in the art that any noise that is present on trianglecapacitors 312 can adversely impact operation of any Class D amplifiers.

As shown in FIG. 3, there are several different channels of trianglewaveform generator 350 a-n. Each of the several different channels oftriangle waveform generator 350 a-n can implement aspects of theembodiments that can substantially reduce or eliminate noise in trianglewaveform generator, and hence the amplified audio signal. Asubstantially noise free amplified audio signal is a cleaner outputaudio signal and thus provides a more faithful audio amplification andreproduction. Since one (or a plurality of slaved) digital clocks areused for each of triangle waveform generators 350 a-n, each will operateat about or substantially the same clock frequency of the digital clock.

Operation of each of triangle generators 350 a-n is as follows. Digitalclock 302 has a frequency of f_(d), according to an embodiment, about384 kHz, and this is the same frequency of triangle wave generator 350a-n, f_(t). Triangle capacitor 312 is the triangle wave timingcapacitor, and any noise that might be present on triangle capacitor 312will be present on triangle generator output, low noise trianglewaveform signal 322. Thus, as can be appreciated by those of skill inthe art, it is desirable to make this point in triangle waveformgenerator 350 as noise free as possible to prevent any such noise frompropagating into the amplified audio signal.

As those of skill in the art can appreciate, digital clock 302 providesa digital clock signal that varies between a logic level one output(“high”) and a logic level zero output (“low”), and this is input tosecond diode 318. When digital clock 302 output is high, first diode 316is reverse biased in regards to digital clock 302 output, meaning thatany noise that might be present on digital clock signal 303 cannot flowthrough it (because it is reverse biased). First current sink 320 is setto sink current at 2 I, and this is provided by digital clock 302, foreach triangle waveform generator 350 that it is connected to. Firstcurrent source 314, which is set to 1 I, provides current to trianglewaveform generator capacitor (triangle capacitor) 312, which thencharges up, causing triangle waveform to rise in a linear fashion.

According to an aspect of the embodiments, first diode 316 isolates thetriangle waveform generator output, low noise triangle waveform signal322 when digital clock 302 output signal is high because current cannotflow through first diode 316 when digital clock signal 303 output signalis a logic high. As noted above, each channel comprises first diode 316and second diode 318, which are configured to isolate any noise orcrosstalk that might be present on digital clock signal 303 from leakinginto low noise triangle waveform signal 322, thereby making this signalsubstantially immune to crosstalk.

Triangle capacitor 312 continues to charge up while digital clock 302output signal is high, but when it goes low, then second diode 318 isturned off, and first current sink 320 begins to sink current at a rateof 2 I. First current sink 320 obtains the 2 I current from bothtriangle capacitor 312, and from first current source 314, both of whichprovide about 1 I amount of current. When current is drained fromtriangle waveform generator capacitor 312, this causes the voltageacross the capacitor to fall, which is the downward sloping portion ofthe triangle waveform.

As those of skill in the art can appreciate, the upward and downwardslopes of the triangle waveform generator would be essentially equal iffirst current source 314 provided exactly 1 I, and if first current sink320 would sink exactly 2 I. However, those of skill in the art canfurther appreciate that rarely, if ever, do analog circuits (or evendigital circuits), approach equality in terms of sourcing/sinkingvoltages, currents, and the like. Consequently, error correctioncircuitry is purposely built into triangle waveform generator 350according to an embodiment to counteract such “naturally occurring”error sources as discussed in the next section.

According to an aspect of the embodiments, DC servo circuit 304 servesto match the rising and falling voltage output of triangle waveformgenerator circuit 350 and to prevent a positive or negative DC voltagebias being formed on the output triangle waveform signal by compensatingfor purposely created current differences between first current source314 and first current sink 320. That is, DC servo circuit 304 operatesto maintain a balance between first current sink 320, which is designedto sink a current of about 2 I, and first current source 314, which isdesigned to source a current of slightly less than 1 I. The purposelycreated imbalance between the current source and sink must exceed theworst-case naturally occurring imbalance. Then, the DC servo circuit canbe designed to source current only, as a way to maintain balance. Thecircuit topology used for generating this triangular ramp voltage allowsgreat flexibility for improving crosstalk and noise performance. Forexample, increasing the peak-to-peak voltage swing of the triangularwaveform generator will decrease the noise level of the amplifier, andits sensitivity to crosstalk-induced noise. Likewise, increasing thevalue of the triangle capacitor 312 will decrease noise sensitivity andcrosstalk. The values of the 1 I and 2 I currents must be selected inconjunction with the value of triangle capacitor 312, and the switchingfrequency, in order to achieve the desired V_(pp) voltage swing for thetriangular ramp output waveform (low noise triangle waveform signal322). As those of skill in the art can appreciate, other values ofcurrent sourcing and sinking can be used dependent upon the componentsused, desired accuracy, and other factors.

In accordance with an aspect of the embodiments, if the current sinklevel is set to 2 I and the current source level is set to less than 1I, more current is being drained from triangle capacitor 312, on eachhalf cycle of digital clock signal 303, than is being added to trianglecapacitor 312 on each positive cycle of digital clock signal 303 andexcess charge will be drawn from triangle capacitor 312; consequently,over subsequent cycles, low noise triangle waveform signal 322 begins toride a gradually falling DC level (because of the current imbalancebetween first current source 314 (less than 1 I) and first current sink(2 I)). The ability of the DC servo circuit to correct this imbalance bysourcing additional current into triangle capacitor 312 allows low noisetriangle waveform signal 322 to have a 0V DC level. In the absence ofthe DC servo circuit 310, a falling or rising DC level of low noisetriangle waveform signal 322 can seriously and negatively impact theexpected output duty cycle.

According to an aspect of the embodiments, therefore, DC servo circuit304 (which is comprised of servo circuit amplifier 310, servo circuitcapacitor 306, and servo circuit resistor 308), could be designed toonly increase or only decrease the current sourced by current source 314as needed to keep the rising and falling slopes of the triangularwaveform similar, or it could be designed to both increase or decreasethe current sourced by first current source 314.

Accordingly, therefore, assuming an implementation whereby DC servocircuit 304 can both increase or decrease the current sourced by firstcurrent source 314, DC servo circuit 304 monitors the DC level at itsinput (which is low noise triangle waveform signal 322) and if it beginsto swing low, i.e., a negative DC bias forces or drives low noisetriangle waveform signal 322 downward, DC servo circuit 304 compensatesby causing additional current to be sourced by first current source 314(which can be seen is a variable current source) so that trianglecapacitor 312 is properly charged and maintains a DC level of about 0volts. Conversely, and according to further embodiments, if DC servocircuit 304 determines that low noise triangle waveform signal 322 isbeginning to swing positive, i.e., a positive DC voltage bias, DC servocircuit 304 compensates by causing less current to be generated fromvariable first current source 314 so that triangle capacitor 312 isproperly charged and maintains a DC level of about 0 volts. In oneembodiment of DC servo circuit 304, operational amplifier (op-amp) 310is used as an integrator to compare the DC value of the triangularwaveform to a 0V reference voltage. The op-amp will source or sinkcurrent as necessary in order to keep the average DC value of thetriangular waveform equal to the 0V reference voltage. Those of skill inthe art will recognize how to use an op-amp as an integrator toaccomplish this circuit function.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the switched current sources (314,320), which source or sink current to triangle capacitors 312, residelocally. Each channel comprises a first current source 314 and a firstcurrent sink 320. According to another aspect of the embodiments,switched current sources 314 and current sink 320 can be located in asingle position on the PCB and operate as current mirrors from a centralcurrent generator circuit block. Each set of current mirrors will bededicated to feeding an individual channel. Sending the ramp signal as acurrent instead of a voltage reduces voltage noise susceptibility, andalso allows the ramp signal to be referenced to each individual channelsground reference, thus avoiding common impedances and ground loops.

Attention is now directed to a different aspect of operation of Class Damplifiers, the gain. All amplifiers have what is known as an open loopgain parameter; that is, V_(o)/V_(i)=A_(OL). Typically, A_(OL) is prettylarge—sometimes 10,000 or even more. But, the open loop gainconfiguration of most amplifiers is non-linear, meaning that simplyinputting a signal and expecting a linearly amplified output is hardly,if ever, realized. That is, the output is substantially distorted interms of gain versus frequency and gain versus input amplitude, phaseshift, and so on. Thus, it is the goal of circuit designers to linearizethe gain of the amplifier such that the output is linearly related tothe input in terms of gain versus frequency of the input signal, gainversus the amplitude of the input signal, and phase shift over theexpected bandwidth, among other factors.

It is known by those of skill in the art that to obtain goodlinearization, what is typically done is to add negative feedbackbetween the output and the input such that the gain of the amplifier isnow properly characterized as a closed loop gain. It is also known thatwhile negative feedback does provide the greatly needed linearization,it also reduces the gain from the very high numbers of the open loopcondition (e.g., about 10,000, or even higher) to much lesser values inthe closed loop configuration, A_(CL), which can range from just abovezero (a gain of 0.1 is an “amplifier” of less than unity, actually asignal-reducer or attenuator) to about 100 or even about 1000. Theactual gain numbers are typically a product of values of passivecomponents placed about the amplifier in specific configurations, asknown to those of skill in the art.

Furthermore, it is recognized that when A_(OL) is much larger thanA_(CL) (A_(OL)>>A_(CL)), then the tolerance of the closed loop gain iscontrolled by the tolerances of the components that create the closedloop gain. The closed loop gain is typically determined by using simpleresistors in a feedback loop. Therefore, very low tolerance resistors of1% or even better can be used, and the tolerance of the closed loop gaincan be controlled to within the same magnitude.

Based in part on the above discussion regarding open and closed loopgain, there are three types of gain control configurations that aretypically used with Class D amplifiers. The first is the open loop gain.As discussed above, this is not typically used in Class D amplifiers,nor many others, because of its non-linearity's. The second type of gaincontrol is a negative feedback loop closed loop system, wherein thefeedback signal is taken before the output low pass filter. Referringagain to FIG. 1, this point would be at point A. That is, a signal isfed-back from point A to an error amplifier (not shown in either of FIG.1 or 4) that compares the feedback signal to the input signal 102. Theoutput of the error amplifier is then input into PWM comparator 104, andthis helps create a more linear output signal. As those of skill in theart can appreciate, this is relatively easy to accomplish as precludesthe additional phase shift of the L-C filter (typically used as filterstage 112). That is, the output signal has not been fed through the(typically) inductor-capacitor (L-C) low pass filter (filter stage 112),which does impart significant (and difficult to control) phase shiftover the audio frequency bandwidth. In comparison, the third type ofclosed loop gain control provides a negative feedback signal from afterfilter stage 112, i.e., from point B. That is, a signal is fed-back frompoint B to an error amplifier (not shown in either of FIG. 1 or 4) thatcompares the feedback signal to the input signal 102. The output of theerror amplifier is then input to PWM comparator 104. As mentioned above,the output signal is substantially more difficult to control as anegative feedback signal because of the significant phase shift causedby the inductor/capacitor low pass filter combination. However, thepost-filter negative feedback closed loop gain control configurationprovides a more linear output signal. This is more difficult toimplement because the gain must be controlled in terms of the differentphase shifts that occur through use of the inductor and capacitor in theoutput low pass filter. However, greater linearity can be achieved inthis configuration, but stability is an issue because of the phaseshifts.

Regardless of the type of gain control that is employed, thepeak-to-peak ramp voltage has an effect on the open loop gain. Byincreasing the ramp voltage, the noise immunity of the Class D amplifiercan be improved according to an embodiment. As discussed previously, theopen loop gain of the modulator block of the amplifier is the ratio ofthe power supply DC rail voltage to the peak-to-peak ramp voltage. So,increasing the peak-to-peak ramp voltage lowers the gain of themodulator, and also its noise sensitivity. As those of skill in the artcan appreciate, presuming a fixed frequency of low noise trianglewaveform signal 322, the peak-to-peak voltage of low noise trianglewaveform signal 322 is determined by a combination of the value oftriangle capacitor 312, and the current source/sink levels (firstcurrent source 314, first current sink 320). Further, the power railvoltages, V_(cc) and V_(ee) limit the maximum amount of the outputvoltage. It further can be appreciated by those of skill in the art thatthe high logic level of digital clock waveform 303 must be greater thanthe positive peak value of low noise triangle waveform signal 322, andthe low logic level of digital clock waveform 303 must be more negativethan the negative peak value of low noise triangle waveform signal 322.

The ramp generator circuitry disclosed in FIG. 3 allows greatflexibility in setting peak-to-peak ramp voltage. This can be done on achannel-by-channel basis, if desired, in a multi-channel amplifier. Thiscould prove advantageous in a multichannel amplifier where differentchannels are designed for different, specific purposes. For example, ina surround-sound amplifier, one channel may be dedicated as a subwooferdriver, with different gain and frequency response requirements. Inanother application, a multichannel Class-D amplifier might be usedinside a powered loudspeaker, where separate amplifier channels are usedto drive the different loudspeaker drivers within the speaker cabinet.For example, one channel might drive the woofer, a second channel themidrange driver, and a third channel, the tweeter or super-tweeter.These different driver types have very different frequency response,impedance, power handling and sensitivity requirements. These differentdrivers could substantially benefit by being driven by an amplifierchannel whose gain, frequency response, phase shift and noisesensitivity have been optimized for the specific driver. This ispossible using the techniques disclosed according to the aspects of theembodiments described herein.

Attention is now directed to a different aspect of the embodimentsdescribed herein. If low noise triangle waveform signal 322 has anoutput voltage that ranges from +5V to −5V, then the gain of themodulator block of this amplifier is equal to the ratio of the powersupply DC rail voltages to the peak-to-peak ramp voltage (10V_(pp)). Asthose of skill in the art can appreciate, this ratio describes the gainof modulator block 109 only. Modulator block 109 is just one of the gainblocks used to determine the open-loop gain of a Class D amplifier. Theother blocks that are involved are: the output LC filter (which hasunity gain up to its cutoff frequency (which is typically about 50 KHz);shown as filter stage 112 in FIG. 1); the output voltage divider(typically configured as a resistive divider from the output voltagenode (point B, or signal 114 in FIG. 1) to the error amplifier input;not shown in FIG. 1); and the error amplifier itself (also not shown inFIG. 1) which is another circuit block. The error amplifier compares thedivided down output voltage to the input voltage. It is configured as anintegrator, so that it has very high gain at low frequencies, withdecreasing gain as frequency increases. As those of skill in the art cantherefore appreciate, it is possible for the closed loop gain of theClass D amplifier (with all these circuit blocks connected in series),to have an open-loop gain of about 10,000 at 20 Hz, and an open loopgain of about 10 (20 dB) at 20 KHz.

When this 10V_(PP) signal is input to a switching amplifier, forexample, switching output stage 108 (which is part of modulator block109), whose output voltage swings between +/−50 volts, then the totalopen loop gain of modulator block 109 is 10, according to Equation (1):

$\begin{matrix}{A_{OL} = {\frac{V_{O}}{V_{I}} = {\frac{100\mspace{14mu} V_{PP}}{10\mspace{14mu} V_{PP}} = 10.}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

Problems can occur, however, when there is a mismatch between the outputimpedance of the load and the rated power output of the amplifier. Forexample, if the amplifier is configured to deliver 100 watts at100V_(PEAK) (200V_(pp)) with a 49Ω speaker, and the 49Ω speaker isreplaced with a 4Ω speaker, then the switching amplifier will be driveninto over current situations that will either activate overcurrentprotection circuits, or destroy the output transistor(s), as those ofskill in the art can appreciate.

There are several conventional methods for dealing with this problem.For example, a switch can be implemented on the panel where the speakersare connected to the Class D amplifier, and the user is required to putthe switch in the correct position that corresponds to the load of theconnected speaker. The switch then connects an appropriate outputvoltage from a multi-tapped transformer or multi-output DC power supply,to the switching amplifier, i.e., the DC voltage “rails.” While manyusers will correctly move the switch as appropriate, this solutionrequires the implementation of the multi-tapped transformer ormulti-output DC power supply, and all the additional wiring that thatentails.

According to further aspects of the embodiments, limiting the duty cycleof the signal output from the modulation stage will limit the averagepower output to the speakers, and thus can avoid or substantially avoidover-current situations with the output transistor(s). According toaspects of the embodiments, by limiting the duty cycle of the signaloutput from the modulation stage, the need for changing the DC voltagerails can be avoided. According to further aspects of the embodiments, aswitch can also be used to convey to the appropriate circuitry what thecorrect (or maximum) duty cycle that can be used with the speakers thathave been connected to the Class D amplifier. According to furtheraspects of the embodiments, a remote sensing mechanism can also beimplemented that precludes the use of the switch according to correctlyset the appropriate duty cycle limit. According to an embodiment, afield programmable gate array (FPGA) can be used, among other devices(e.g., a digital signal processor (DSP)), to limit the output dutycycle. Since the switching frequency is fixed and developed by theinternal dividers in the FPGA, it is simple for the FPGA to limit theduty cycle to be a fraction of the switching period. This can beaccomplished by counting cycles of a higher frequency clock that theswitching frequency is derived from. Use of the FPGA and DSP forlimiting the duty cycle of low noise comparator stage output 407 arediscussed in greater detail below

The following example calculations illustrate how the duty cycle canaffect the maximum output average power to speakers 116. In thisexample, the Class D amplifier has DC voltage rails of +/−100 volts, or200V_(PP). While the duty cycle can range between 0 and 100%, on averageit will be about 50%, or duty cycle (D) equals 0.5. The RMS value of asine waveform is related to the peak voltage according to the following:

$\begin{matrix}{{V_{RMS} = \frac{V_{Peak}}{\sqrt{2}}},{or},{V_{rms} = {\frac{100}{\sqrt{2}} \approx {70\mspace{14mu} {V_{RMS}.}}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

In one typical application a 490 speaker is used, and the Class Damplifier is specified to provide about 100 watts (RMS). Then,

P=VI(all RMS)  (3),

or

100W _(RMS)=70V _(RMS) ×I _(RMS)

or,

I _(RMS)=1.42A _(RMS).

If, however, a 4Ω speaker is hooked up by mistake to the Class Damplifier that is capable of delivering 100 Watts, then the outputcurrent can spike to about 25 A_(PP).

$\begin{matrix}{{I_{Peak} = \frac{V_{Peak}}{r}}{I_{Peak} = {\frac{100\mspace{14mu} A_{Peak}}{4} = {25\mspace{14mu} {A_{Peak}.}}}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

This yields an RMS value of—

I _(RMS)=25A _(Peak)×√{square root over (0.5)}=17.6A _(RMS).

Thus, switching a 4Ω speaker for a 49Ω speaker can lead to a significantover-current situation (from 1.42 A_(RMS) to 17.6 A_(RMS)). A current ofthis magnitude will typically far exceed the current ratings of theoutput driver transistors of a 100 W amplifier, and thus will, overtime, damage them, or at least trigger overcurrent protection, leadingto significantly degraded audio performance.

Considering, therefore, that the output voltage is 100 V_(Peak), and theload is only 4 ohms, the peak current is 25 A (with an RMS value of 17.6A_(RMS), the output power (RMS) would be—

P _(RMS) =i ² ×r=17.6²×4≈1225 watts_(rms)  (5).

According to an aspect of the embodiments, the goal is to limit the RMSpower through the 4Ω speaker to about 100 watts (or whatever is themaximum output power of the Class D amplifier) by limiting the dutycycle D of the modulation stage to an appropriate value. The RMS valueof the output voltage is determined as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{P_{RMS} = {{100\mspace{14mu} W_{RMS}} = \frac{V_{RMS}^{2}}{r}}},{or}}{V_{RMS} = {\sqrt{100\mspace{14mu} W_{RMS} \times 4} = {20\mspace{14mu} {V_{RMS}.}}}}} & (6)\end{matrix}$

Knowing the desired RMS value of the output voltage from the modulationstage to produce a maximum allowed power, Equation (2) can then be usedto determine the peak value of the output voltage, according to thefollowing:

V _(peak) =V _(RMS)×√{square root over (2)},

which yields,

V _(peak)=20V _(RMS)×1.414=28.28V _(Peak)=56.56V _(PP)  (7).

Knowing the peak voltage required from the output of switching outputstage 108, the appropriate duty cycle can be determined, according tothe specific type of transistor switching circuit being used therein.According to an embodiment, and referring to FIG. 5, a half-bridgetransistor switching output stage 108′ is shown, operation of which isknown to those of skill in the art. Half-bridge transistor switchingoutput stage 108′ includes receiver inverter 502, receiver non-inverter504, and first and second switching transistors 506 a,b (shown insimplified block diagram form of simple switches), which are driven bythe outputs of receiver inverter 502 and receiver non-inverter 504 asshown. Through operation of the two receivers 502, 504, and switches 506a,b, a pulsed output, low noise switching output 409, is provided tofilter stage 112, and then speaker(s) 116. The period of low noiseswitching output 409 is the same as low noise triangle waveform signal322 if generated by triangle waveform generation circuit 300 accordingto an embodiment, and the duty cycle D is the ratio of on-time, t, tothe total period T (which is equal to the reciprocal of the frequency oflow noise triangle waveform signal 322). Operation of half-bridgetransistor switching output stage 108′ is known to those of skill in theart. That is—

$\begin{matrix}{D = {\frac{t}{T}.}} & (8)\end{matrix}$

The voltage output of filter stage 112 can be described according to thefollowing expression:

V _(Out−Peak)=(t)(V _(cc))+(1−t)(V _(ee)),  (9).

Using the values of V_(cc) equal to +100V and V_(ee) equal to −100V, andusing the desired V_(RMS) voltage of 20V (based on the peak outputvoltage V_(Peak) equal to 28.28V; see, Expression (7) above), thenExpression (9) becomes—

28.28V _(Out−Peak)=(t)(100)+(1−t)(−100),

and from this the duty cycle t can be determined as—

t=64.14%.

Therefore, with a 100 watt maximum output Class D amplifier ostensiblydesigned to provide 100 watts into a 49Ω speaker load, by limiting theduty cycle D of the modulation stage to about 64%, the RMS value of thevoltage will be limited to about 20V_(RMS), and the power through the 4Ωspeaker will be limited to about 100 W. As those of skill in the art cannow appreciate, for different values of speaker load and/or output powerof the Class D amplifier, the duty cycle would change accordingly.

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic block diagram of advanced Class Damplifier (advanced amplifier) 400 according to an embodiment. Advancedamplifier 400 implements the different aspects of the embodiments fornoise suppression and immunity and duty cycle limitation as describedabove, and below in regard to method 700 described in regard to FIG. 7.According to embodiments, advanced amplifier 400 includes PWM comparator104, duty cycle limiting (DCL) circuit 418, switching output stage 108,filter stage 112, noise immune triangle waveform generator 300, speakerload resistance sense circuit 406 (or manual speaker load selectionswitch 408), and duty cycle limiting-signal generator circuit 404. Infulfillment of the dual purposes of clarity and brevity, switchingoutput stage 108 and filter stage 112 need not be discussed again astheir design and use within amplifier 400 according to an embodiment hasnot changed from the discussion made previously in regard to FIGS. 1 and5, discussed above.

The output of duty cycle limiting-signal generator circuit 404 is dutycycle limiting signal 410. Duty cycle limiting signal 410 is used by DCL418 to limit the duty cycle of low noise comparator stage output signal407 according to an embodiment. Generation of duty cycle limiting signal410 is based on inputs received from speaker impedance sensing circuit406, or manual speaker impedance setting switch 408 according to anembodiment. Duty cycle limiting signal generator circuit 404 can becomprised of hardware alone, an implementation of software within aprocessor alone, or a combination thereof according to furtherembodiments. Such implementations of circuit functionality are known tothose of skill in the art.

Speaker impedance sensing circuit (impedance sensing circuit) 406operates in the following manner. According to embodiments, impedancesensing circuit 406 simultaneously senses or measures output voltage andoutput current. The output voltage can be measured using known voltagemeasurement techniques and devices, and the output current can similarlybe measured or sensed using known current measurement or sensingtechniques and devices (which can include Hall effect current sensingdevices, current transformer sensing/measurement devices, and/orprecision low value resistors). As can be appreciated by those of skillin the art, with these two inputs alone, processing circuits (includinganalog-to-digital converters) in impedance sensing circuit 406 candetermine (i.e., calculate) the impedance of the attached speaker load,speaker(s) 116. Manual speaker impedance selection switch can be amulti-pole switch, or multi-position selection switch that outputs adigital signal that represents the user's selection of speakerimpedance, or a DC voltage signal of varying amplitude based on theuser's selection of the speaker impedance.

According to an aspect of the embodiments, duty cycle limiting signalgenerator circuit 404 can accept either type of speaker impedancedetermination signals and use either to create duty cycle limitingsignal 410, along with one or more indication signals of the maximumoutput power of advanced amplifier 400 and the speaker impedanceselected, in accordance with the discussion above.

Once duty cycle limiting signal generator circuit 404 has generated dutycycle limiting signal 410, which can generally be in the form of adigital signal, DCL circuit 418 accepts it as an input and uses it tolimit the output duty cycle of low noise comparator stage output signal407 according to an embodiment. According to a further embodiment, DCLcircuit 418 can be in the form of an FPGA, or digital signal processing(DSP) circuit. If DCL 418 is in the form of an FPGA, the FPGA can limitthe duty cycle based on generated duty cycle limiting signal 410. If theduty cycle of low noise comparator stage output signal 407 did not needto be restricted (because the load impedance of speakers 116 matched theoutput power of advanced class D amplifier 400), then no restriction onthe duty cycle would be placed by DCL circuit 418. That is, low noisecomparator stage output signal 407 from PWM comparator 104 wouldpropagate through the FPGA (DCL 418) as transparent logic, with its“normal” 0% to 100% duty cycle range. In this case, the output of DCL418 would be low noise comparator stage output signal 407. If, however aparticular duty cycle limit is activated, then the FPGA, using knownprogramming techniques, can prematurely end or terminate any pulse fromPWM comparator 104 that exceeds the selected duty cycle limit. In thiscase, the output of DCL 418 would be duty cycle limited low noisecomparator stage output signal 407′. A substantially similar mechanismcan occur if instead of an FPGA a digital signal processor (DSP) wereused for DCL circuit 418. Use of, and programming thereof, of DSPs isknown to those of skill in the art.

According to embodiments, the DSP acting as DCL circuit 418 could acceptas an input the digital signal output from DCL signal generator circuit404, duty cycle limiting signal 410, and using one or more pre-storedgraphs as shown in FIG. 6, determine the impedance of speaker(s) 116.For example, if the current and voltage measured by impedance sensingcircuit 406 equal to 6.25 A and 50 V_(RMS), which is then provided indigital form to DCL circuit 418, DCL circuit 418 could then refer to thegraph of FIG. 6, and determine that an 8Ω speaker (50V/6.25 A=8Ω) isconnected, and limit the duty cycle of low noise comparator stage outputsignal 407 accordingly, based on the other parameters, as discussedabove. It should be noted, however, that FIG. 6 has been created for a200 W Class D amplifier.

FIG. 6 illustrates several data points, one for each of a 2Ω load line,4Ω load line, 8Ω load line, and a 70V load line (presuming the loadimpedance is 49Ω. As known to those of skill in the art, 70 VRMS is usedfor long speaker wire runs, such as in large buildings, or auditoriums,wherein the loss of power over extended wire runs is of concern. Byboosting the voltage through a transformer to step up the signal voltageto about 70 VRMS, and then stepping it down at the speaker, less currentneeds to be sent through the lines, which could be several hundred ifnot thousands of feet in length. These speaker configurations are knownto those of skill in the art.

As those of skill in the art can appreciate, impedance sensing circuit406, DCL signal generator circuit 404 and DCL circuit 418, can all becombined into one circuit package, or two circuits, or even more thanthe three as shown in FIG. 4, and still be considered within the scopeof the aspects of the embodiments. For example, it is known to those ofskill in the art that DSPs and other circuits (such as FPGAs) caninclude analog-to-digital converters and other circuitry, includinglogic and memory (which can include many different types, including, butnot limited to programmable read only memory, random access memory,flash drive memory, hard drives, floppy drives, among others), which canbe used to store the information that correlates or determines impedanceof speaker(s) 116 to a desired duty cycle (especially as that based onthe information shown in the graph of FIG. 6, or other suchsubstantially similar graphs). Furthermore, it should be apparent tothose of skill in the art that an actual “graph” need not be stored ineither or both FPGA or the DSP acting as DCL 418, but instead thecorresponding data would be stored in the form of a table, or database,wherein the current and voltage values determined by impedance sensingcircuit 406 act as inputs to determine the correct load impedance whichcan then be used to determine the correct duty cycle as described abovein the one or more equations/expressions.

According to an embodiment, as discussed above in regard to FIG. 3, lownoise triangle waveform signal 322 is generated according to operationof the devices shown therein, and this includes digital clock signal 303as generated by digital switching frequency control 302, DC servocircuit 304, first and second diodes 316, 318, triangle capacitor 312,first current source 314, and first current sink 320. Together, thesedevices comprise noise immune triangle waveform generator circuit 300according to an embodiment. The signal output from triangle waveformgenerator circuit 300, low noise triangle waveform signal 322, is inputto PWM comparator 104 according to an embodiment. As such, low noisetriangle waveform signal 322 operates substantially similarly to othertriangle waveform signals, but because of the aspects of the embodimentsdescribed above, can be substantially noise free, or immune from noisegenerated by different aspects of operating a triangle waveformgenerator.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating steps to perform method 700 foroperating advanced multi-channel Class D audio amplifier 400 accordingto aspects of the embodiments, wherein crosstalk noise is substantiallyreduced or eliminated, and mismatching speaker loads with respect tooutput power is substantially prevented.

In step 702, advanced amplifier 400 receives one or more channels ofaudio. In step 704, for each channel of audio, a local triangle wave isgenerated, low noise triangle waveform signal 322. A global digitalclock (digital switching frequency control 302) outputting a fixedfrequency clock signal (digital clock signal 303), such as 384 kHz clocksignal, can provide a synchronized signal to each local triangle wavegenerator 350. According to an aspect of the embodiments, each channelof audio receives low noise triangle waveform signal 322 that isgenerated by noise-free triangle waveform generator circuit 300 thatcomprises one or more diodes 316, 318 to isolate the digital clock.According to an aspect of the embodiments, each channel of audioreceives low noise triangle waveform signal 322 that is generated bynoise-free triangle waveform generator circuit 300 that comprises DCservo circuit 340 that substantially maintains a symmetrical low noisetriangle waveform signal 322 with substantially zero DC offset.According to a further aspect of the embodiments, each channel of audioreceives low noise triangle waveform signal 322 that is generated bynoise-free triangle waveform generator circuit 300 that furthercomprises a means for increasing a peak-to-peak amplitude of low noisetriangle waveform signal 322. Each of these aforementioned aspects ofthe embodiments provides additional noise immunity for each of thechannels of audio.

Following step 704, in step 706, method 700 generates one or more PWMsignals from a comparison of a channel of audio with low noise trianglewaveform signal 322 using PWM comparator 104. As those of skill in theart can appreciate, the duty cycle of the signal output from PWMcomparator 104, low noise comparator stage output 407/407′, need nothave its duty cycle limited in any manner. However, according to aspectsof the embodiments, the duty cycle of the signal is directlyproportional with the amplitude of the audio signal but can beconstrained according to the duty cycle limiting discussions providedabove.

Method 700 then proceeds to step 708, wherein the one or more PWMsignals drive switching output stage 108 to produce one or moreamplified PWM signals, low noise switching output signal 409. Then, instep 710, the one or more amplified PWM signals, low noise switchingoutput signal 409 are filtered through substantially lossless low passfilter stage 112 to remove the high frequency components of low noiseswitching output signal 409 and recover the audio signal which is nowamplified. The amplified, filtered, output signal, low noise amplifiedoutput signal 413, is then sent to speaker 116.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow chart of method 800 for delivering a dutycycle limited signal to a speaker load in advanced Class D amplifier 400using a half-bridge switching output stage according to an embodiment.

Method 800 begins with step 802 in which an analog signal is received byadvanced Class D amplifier. In step 804, low noise triangle wave signal322 is generated, as described above in reference to FIG. 3. Accordingto an embodiment, triangle waveform signal 105 can also be used insteadof low noise triangle waveform signal 322. In step 806, method 800compares low noise triangle waveform signal 322 (or triangle waveform105; from herein on, in fulfillment of the dual purposes of clarity andbrevity, discussion shall be limited to the low noise embodiment asdescribed in reference to FIG. 3, although, as one of skill in the artcan appreciate, aspects of the embodiments directed to limiting the dutycycle of the half-bridge switching output signal can be used withconventionally generated signals as well) to the received analog signalto generate a pulse width modulator comparator output signal, low noisecomparator stage output signal 407.

In method step 808, method 800 measures a load impedance of speaker(s)116 using impedance sensing circuit 406 according to an embodiment. Inmethod step 810, the output of impedance sensing circuit 406 is used todetermine whether the rated power output of advanced Class D amplifier400 is appropriately matched to the load impedance of speaker(s) 116.That is, method 800 determines whether too much current/power will begenerated, or attempted to be generated by advanced Class D amplifier400 If the load impedance of speakers 116 is mismatched to the ratedoutput power. As described above, the over-power/over-current situationgenerally occurs when the load impedance of speakers 116 is less than apredetermined value determined in view of the maximum output voltage andmaximum current values output from advanced Class D amplifier 400. Asdescribed above in reference to FIGS. 4-7, such a situation can lead todamage of the half-bridge switching transistors, or current limitingtechniques can occur, either or both of which can happen and cause pooraudio quality.

If the measured load impedance of speaker(s) 116 is matched to the ratedpower output of advanced Class D amplifier 400 (i.e., the load impedanceis too low for the present duty cycle selection (which can be noselection, meaning 0% to 100% duty cycle is permissible); “Yes” pathfrom decision step 810), then method 800 proceeds to step 820, whereinthe signal is filtered through substantially lossless low pass filterstage 112, and in step 822 the filtered signal is output to speaker(s)116.

If, however, the load impedance of speaker(s) 116 is not matched to therated power output of advanced Class D amplifier 400 (“No” path fromdecision step 810), then method 800 proceeds to method step 812. In step812, method 800 calculates an appropriate output RMS voltage to be sentto speaker(s) 116 according to the following equation:

V _(RMS)=SQRT(PO×LI).

Then, in method step 814, method 800 uses Equation (2) from above todetermine peak output voltage:

V _(PEAK) =V _(RMS)×1.414

From the determined peak output voltage (being sent to speaker(s) 116),method 800, in method step 816, can use Equation 9 from above tocalculate duty cycle t that limits the peak voltage output to match theload impedance and rated output power of advanced Class D amplifier 400according to the following equation:

V _(Peak)=(t×V _(cc))+(1−t)(V _(ee)),

whereint=Duty Cycle;

=Positive Rail Voltage on Half-bridge Switching Stage; andV_(ee)=Negative Rail Voltage on Half-bridge Switching Stage.

In method step 818 method 800 uses the calculated duty cycle t to limitthe duty cycle of low noise comparator stage output signal 407 to createduty cycle limited low noise comparator stage output signal 407′, asdescribed above in reference to FIGS. 4-7, and especially in regard tocircuit elements 404, 406, and 418. Then, in method step 820, method 800filters duty cycle limited low noise comparator stage output signal407′, and the filtered, duty cycle limited signal is output tospeaker(s) 116 in method step 822.

The disclosed embodiments provide a system, method, and mode foroperating an advanced Class D amplifier 400 according to aspects of theembodiments, wherein crosstalk noise is substantially reduced oreliminated, and mismatching speaker loads with respect to output poweris substantially prevented. It should be understood that thisdescription is not intended to limit the embodiments. On the contrary,the embodiments are intended to cover alternatives, modifications, andequivalents, which are included in the spirit and scope of theembodiments as defined by the appended claims. Further, in the detaileddescription of the embodiments, numerous specific details are set forthto provide a comprehensive understanding of the claimed embodiments.However, one skilled in the art would understand that variousembodiments may be practiced without such specific details.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

To solve the aforementioned problems, aspects of the embodiments providea unique device in which a substantially noise free triangle waveformsignal is generated for use in one or more audio channels of a Class Damplifier, and additional circuitry is further provided to substantiallyminimize of prevent the possibility of mismatching an output loadimpedance with regard to a rated power output of the Class D amplifier,thereby substantially prevent or minimizing the possibility of damagingthe output stages of the Class D amplifier.

ALTERNATE EMBODIMENTS

Alternate embodiments may be devised without departing from the spiritor the scope of the invention. For example, the switched current sourceswhich source or sink current to the timing capacitors may be located ina single position on the PCB of the audio amplifier and operate ascurrent mirrors from a central current generator circuit block.

What is claimed is:
 1. A class D amplifier that includes two or morechannels of audio signals, and wherein each audio signal channelcomprises: a pulse width modulator comparator adapted to receive one ofthe two or more channels of audio signals, and compare the receivedchannel of audio signal with respective triangle wave signal andgenerate a respective pulse width modulated signal (PWM); a duty cyclelimiting circuit adapted to receive the pulse width modulated signal andlimit a duty cycle thereof based on a predetermined condition; ahalf-bridge switching stage amplifier adapted to receive and amplify thepulse width modulated signal according to a predetermined gain based ona channel identity of the received audio channel; and a filter stageadapted to filter the amplified pulse width modulated signal, and outputthe same to a load impedance.
 2. The class D amplifier according toclaim 2, wherein the predetermined condition comprises: a power outputof the class D amplifier not matching a measured load impedance,LI_(Meas).
 3. The class D amplifier according to claim 2, wherein thepower output of the class D amplifier does not match the measured loadimpedance, LI_(Meas), when a calculated load impedance, LI_(Calc),calculated based on a maximum output voltage and maximum current of theclass D amplifier, is greater than the measured load impedanceLI_(Meas), according to the following expression—LI _(Calc) >LI _(Meas).
 4. The class D amplifier according to claim 3,wherein the calculated load impedance, LI_(Calc), is determinedaccording to the following expression—${LI}_{Calc} = {\frac{V_{{out} - \max}}{I_{{out} - \max}}.}$
 5. Theclass D amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the duty cycle limitingcircuit comprises: a speaker impedance determination device adapted togenerate a measured load impedance signal, LI_(Meas); and circuitryadapted to receive the measured load impedance signal, LI_(Meas),compare it to a calculated load impedance, LI_(Calc), calculated basedon a maximum output voltage and maximum current of the class Damplifier, and generate a duty cycle limiting signal when thepredetermined condition of a power output of the class D amplifier notmatching a measured load impedance, LI_(Meas) exists.
 6. The class Damplifier according to claim 5, wherein the circuity further comprises:circuitry adapted to obtain a power output (PO) of the class Damplifier, calculate an appropriate output root mean square (RMS)voltage to be output to the load impedance according to the expression—V _(RMS)=(PO×LI _(Meas))^(1/2), wherein PO corresponds to a power outputrating of the class D amplifier, calculate a peak output voltageaccording to the expression—V _(Out-Peak) =V _(RMS)×1.414, and calculate a duty cycle limitation tto limit the peak output voltage to the load impedance according to theexpression—V _(Out-Peak)=(t×V _(cc))+((1−t)×V _(ee)), and wherein V_(cc) equals apositive rail voltage on the half-bridge switching stage that is part ofthe Class D amplifier, V_(ee) equals a negative rail voltage on thehalf-bridge switching stage, and t equals a duty cycle limitation as anumber between 0 and
 1. 7. The class D amplifier according to claim 5,wherein the speaker impedance determination device is selected from atleast one of a speaker impedance determination circuit and a speakerimpedance selection switch.
 8. The class D amplifier according to claim7, wherein the speaker impedance determination circuit comprises: anoutput signal voltage determination circuit adapted to measure an outputvoltage, V_(OL); an output signal current determination circuit adaptedto measure an output current, i_(OL); and a speaker impedancedetermination apparatus adapted to determine the speaker impedance, LI,according to the following expression— ${LI} = {\frac{i_{OL}}{v_{OL}}.}$9. The class D amplifier according to claim 7, wherein the speakerimpedance selection switch comprises: a plurality of selector switchpositions, each corresponding to one of a predetermined speakerimpedance value, and wherein the speaker impedance selection switch isadapted to generate a signal representative of the speaker impedanceselection switch position upon selection thereof.
 10. The class Damplifier according to claim 1, wherein the load impedance comprises:one or more speakers adapted to receive the filtered amplified pulsewidth modulated signal.
 11. The class D amplifier according to claim 1,further comprising a triangle wave generator, the triangle wavegenerator comprising: a digital signal source adapted to generate andsupply a digital timing signal; a first diode connected to the digitalsignal source at an anode of the first diode; a second diode connectedto the first diode at a cathode of the first diode at a cathode of thesecond diode, the cathodes of the first and second diodes furtherconnected to a first current sink, and wherein an anode of the seconddiode is adapted to be a triangle wave output signal of the trianglewave generator; and a capacitor connected to the output of the trianglewave generator, and wherein the first diode is forwardly biased when thedigital timing signal is a positive voltage and wherein substantiallysimultaneously the second diode is reverse biased such thatsubstantially any noise present on the digital timing signal can beblocked by the reversed biased second diode, and further wherein thesecond diode is forwardly biased when the digital timing signal is anegative voltage and wherein substantially simultaneously the firstdiode is reverse biased such that substantially any noise present on thedigital timing signal can be blocked by the reversed biased seconddiode.
 12. The class D amplifier according to claim 1, wherein thefilter stage comprises: two or more low pass filters, one for each audiochannel, each of the low pass filters including an inductor connected ata first end of the inductor to an output of the switching stageamplifier and including a second end that is connected to a first end ofa capacitor and respective one of the two or more speakers, and furtherwherein a second end of the capacitor is connected to a ground.
 13. Theclass D amplifier according to claim 12, wherein the inductor andcapacitor are selected according to a desired low pass frequencyresponse of the channel that corresponds to a desired frequency responseof the speaker connected thereto.
 14. The class D amplifier according toclaim 1, wherein the class D amplifier further comprises: a DC servocircuit, the DC servo circuit comprising— a first resistor connected ata first end to the triangle wave output signal of the triangle wavegenerator, a first amplifier connected to a second end of the firstresistor at an inverting input of the first amplifier, a secondcapacitor connected to the second end of the first resistor and anoutput of the amplifier, and wherein the output of the amplifier isconnected to a current adjusting input of a first current source, suchthat the DC servo circuit is adapted to monitor a first DC voltage onthe triangle wave, and provide a second, oppositely polarized DC voltageto counteract the first DC voltage on the triangle wave, such that atleast two local triangle waves are generated such that a positive goingportion of the triangle wave and a negative going portion of thetriangle wave are kept substantially equal in duration, amplitude, andslope, by the DC servo circuit.